试论营林措施对森林病虫害防治的作用

采取营林措施开展病虫害防治工作，是从根本上防治病虫害的一种有效的方法和途径。本 文以病虫害防治中的营林措施为研究课题，通过探讨营林造林中的病虫害防治原则和防治措施以及 防治方法，探索该措施对于森林病虫害防治的作用和影响，旨在为促使和推动森林病虫害防治工作的 有效开展提供有益借鉴和参考帮助。     

不同发育阶段日本落叶松人工林枯落物层微生物群落特征

为探寻日本落叶松人工林在中龄林或近熟林阶段地力衰退的机制，以分子生物学实验手段与常规实验分析方法结合，分别对不同发育阶段林分枯落物未分解层、半分解层以及全分解层微生物的数量、群落结构以及理化性质进行分析，并采用冗余分析法探索枯落物层微生物群落结构与理化性质的相关性。结果表明：枯落物储量及养分储量随林分发育呈倒“V”字型变化趋势，在近熟林阶段最大，微生物数量、均匀度指数在中龄林或近熟林最低。不同发育阶段林分优势细菌种类基本相同，但相对含量不同；优势真菌的种类明显不同，尤其是在近熟林半分解层。中龄林与近熟林未、半分解层受环境因素影响较大，主要受pH、有效磷、碱解氮、速效钾、全钾、C/N以及林下植被生物量影响。因此，日本落叶松纯林在中龄林与近熟林阶段需强化植被管理，适时开展修枝间伐等经营措施，促进林下植被发育、改善枯落物性质，加速养分循环，缓解地力衰退。     

国家级公益林区划成果落界探讨——以兰州市为例

按照国家及甘肃省技术要求、工作流程进行了兰州市国家级公益林区划落界工作,结果为兰州市国家级公益林本期区划落界132611.07 hm^2,剔除了2013年上报中的16104.46 hm^2,在林地类型、区位、权属等方面更符合国家级公益林的条件要求,从地类、生态区位等方面还分析了国家级公益林的面积结构。     

林木采伐及木材精深加工机器人研究进展

林木采伐及木材精深加工与木材生产的效益息息相关，机器人在木材生产中的应用促进了木材生产质量和效率，为木材工业发展提供了新的增长动力。针对机器人在林木采伐及木材精深加工领域的应用，文中从林木采伐、人造板生产、家具制造3方面详细论述了采伐机器人、旋切定心机器人、喷涂机器人、码垛机器人、弯曲木机器人、雕刻机器人等机器人研究现状，提出未来林木采伐及木材精深加工机器人的发展方向应集中于仿生移动机构、多功能集成机器人、智能算法及柔性制造系统等方面。     

高寒丘陵区不同退耕年限人工林形质评价

基于时空互代法研究不同退耕年限对青海东部人工林形质的影响，为高寒丘陵区人工林经营及多功能利用提供理论依据。在青海东部西宁市大通县设置青杨、祁连圆柏、青海云杉和华北落叶松典型人工林试验样地，开展退耕年限10、20 a和30 a样地调查。以生长情况、侧枝情况和土壤养分情况作为退耕还林林木形质评价指标，运用层次分析法构建林木形质的评价体系，对4种人工林林木形质进行综合评价。干形情况对林木形质的影响最大，贡献率占0.603；生长情况对其影响次之，贡献率占0.337；侧枝情况对其影响较小，贡献率仅占0.060；16个评价指标在林木形质评价中的权重大小依次为健康情况(0.674 9)＞自然整枝能力(0.598 8)＞土壤有机质(0.578 7)＞通直度(0.526 5)＞分杈情况(0.348 0)＞土壤K(0.232 5)＞侧枝平均基径(0.202 7)＞胸径年均生长量(0.176 9)＞枝粗指数(0.150 6)＞土壤N(0.139 2)＞树高平均生长量(0.107 6)＞高径比(0.071 5)＞尖削度(0.054 0)＞土壤P(0.049 6)＞侧枝数(0.047 9)＞冠径比(0.040 7)；综合评价得分依次为青杨(81.67)>华北落叶松(80)>青海云杉(75)>祁连圆柏(60)。森林生态系统通过自我调节,其发育呈正向演替。高寒丘陵区人工林形质随退耕恢复年限增加呈先增加后减少趋势。前期造林(10 a)可迅速提高林地盖度；发育至20 a时，林地林木形质最优；退耕30 a，林下光照减少，下层出现竞争缺光,影响林地涵养水分功能发挥，影响林木形质。以层次分析法建立的林木形质评价体系可为高寒丘陵区人工林经营及多功能利用提供依据，为其他树种形质评价提供借鉴。     

Challenges in developing and implementing a decision support systems (ETÇAP) in forest management planning: a case study in Honaz and Ibradı, Turkey

Decision support systems (DSSs) are indispensable tools in preparing a forest management plan for a better combination of multiple forest values. This study attempted to develop and explain a stand-based forest management DSS (Ecosystem-based multiple-use forest planning [ETÇAP]) comprising a traditional simulation, linear programming (LP), metaheuristics and geographic information system. The model consists of five submodels; traditional management approach to handle inventory data, an empirical growth and yield model, a simulation to conceptualize management actions, a LP technique to optimize resource allocation and a simulated annealing approach to directly create a spatially feasible harvest schedule. The ETÇAP model has been implemented in a comparative two case study areas; Denizli–Honaz and Akseki–Ibrad?. Both simulation and optimization models outperformed to the traditional management plan. The periodical change of growing stock, allowable cuts, carbon sequestration and water production are used as performance indicators. The results showed that more amount of wood could be harvested over time compared to traditional level of harvesting. It could be concluded that various management strategies allowed managers to stimulate more decision options for better outputs through intertemporal trade-offs of management interventions as the model provided tools to quantify forest dynamics over time and space. Challenges exist to establish the functional relationships between forest structure and values for better quantification and integration into the management plans.     

Detection of Ecballium elaterium in hedgerow olive orchards using a low-cost uncrewed aerial vehicle and open-source algorithms

BACKGROUND

Ecballium elaterium (common name: squirting cucumber) is an emerging weed problem in hedgerow or superintensive olive groves under no tillage. It colonizes the inter-row area infesting the natural or sown cover crops, and is considered a hard-to-control weed. Research in other woody crops has shown E. elaterium has a patchy distribution, which makes this weed susceptible to design a site-specific control strategy only addressed to E. elaterium patches. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop a methodology based on the analysis of imagery acquired with an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) to detect and map E. elaterium infestations in hedgerow olive orchards.

RESULTS

The study was conducted in two superintensive olive orchards, and the images were taken using a UAV equipped with an RGB sensor. Flights were conducted on two dates: in May, when there were various weeds infesting the orchard, and in September, when E. elaterium was the only infesting weed. UAV-orthomosaics in the first scenario were classified using random forest models, and the orthomosaics from September with E. elaterium as the only weed, were analyzed using an unsupervised algorithm. In both cases, the overall accuracies were over 0.85, and the producer's accuracies for E. elaterium ranged between 0.74 and 1.00.

CONCLUSION

These results allow the design of a site-specific and efficient herbicide control protocol which would represent a step forward in sustainable weed management. The development of these algorithms in free and open-source software fosters their application in small and medium farms. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

卵黏蛋白:结构组成、理化性质、在浓蛋白液化中的作用及营养调控

鸡蛋是最好的动物源蛋白之一,其蛋白中的卵黏蛋白(3.5%)对浓蛋白凝胶性、哈夫单位起主要作用,鸡蛋中卵黏蛋白含量及存在形式是影响鸡蛋蛋白品质的主要因素,从而影响鸡蛋的可接受性。本文简要综述了卵黏蛋白的结构组成、理化性质、在浓蛋白液化过程中的作用和可能机制以及营养调控途径,为调控鸡蛋蛋白品质提供参考。     

景电灌区农田防护林衰败及优化模式

景电灌区农田防护林网是景电灌区防护林体系的重要组成部分,通过调查景电灌区农田防护林衰败现状,分析退化原因,提出优化改造模式,为景电灌区农田防护林更新改造从而发挥可持续效益提供技术支撑。结果表明,1)以杨树为主要树种的景电灌区农田防护林网目前呈严重衰败状态,尤其在个人管护的区域,残缺断代现象严重,部分地方甚至基本消失;2)病虫危害,耗水、胁地严重而被砍伐,耕地次生盐渍化导致树木生长不良、枯死,树种单一、结构不合理,管理不到位等是造成农田防护林衰败的主要原因;3)三倍体毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)、廊坊(P.langfanggensis)、樟子松(Pinus sylvestris)、刺槐(Robinia pseucdoacacia)、白蜡(Fraxinus chinensis)、鸣山大枣(Jujube minshan)等树种为该地区农田防护林建设的适宜树种,可采用农田防护林杨树优势树种轮换、针叶常绿树种优化改造、生态经济型防护林网营造等模式对景电灌区农田防护林网进行更新改造。农田防护林网的改造,将对完善防护林体系,保障景泰绿洲的安全产生重要意义。